CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
1. Clears Heat and Dries Dampness
Damp-heat in the Intestines: Very bitter, very cold, and
extremely drying in nature, Huang Lian (Rhizoma
Coptidis) is one of the strongest herbs to clear heat, dry
dampness and eliminate toxins. It is commonly used to
treat diarrhea or dysentery that may or may not contain
pus and blood, burning sensations of the anus after defecation,
foul-smelling stools, rectal tenesmus, feelings of
incomplete evacuation, abdominal pain, epigastric distention
and fullness, thirst with no desire to drink, vomiting
or nausea, a slippery, rapid pulse, and a red tongue
with greasy, yellow coating.
• Diarrhea or dysentery with burning sensations of the
anus: combine Huang Lian, Huang Bai (Cortex
Phellodendri), Qin Pi (Cortex Fraxini), and Bai Tou
Weng (Radix Pulsatillae). Exemplar Formula: Bai Tou
Weng Tang (Pulsatilla Decoction).
• Diarrhea with rectal tenesmus: use this herb with Mu
Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae) and Bing Lang (Semen Arecae).
Exemplar Formula: Shao Yao Tang (Peony Decoction).
• Diarrhea in exterior syndromes: combine with Ge Gen
(Radix Puerariae). Exemplar Formula: Ge Gen Huang
Qin Huang Lian Tang (Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria
Decoction).
• Diarrhea with bleeding: use Huang Lian with garlic.
Stomach heat: This condition is usually caused by frequent
intake of spicy foods or a chronic state of Liver
overacting on the Spleen and Stomach. Common symptoms
and signs of Stomach heat include vomiting, nausea,
gastric pain or burning sensations, acid regurgitation,
foul breath, preference for cold drinks, constipation,
hunger, swollen or painful gums, toothache, yellow
and scanty urine with red tongue and yellow tongue
coating. Heat in the Stomach reverses the normal downward
flow of Stomach qi and causes nausea and vomiting.
Heat enhances the digestive function of the Stomach
and thus the patient feels constant hunger. Rising
Stomach fire causes the burning epigastric pain, acid
reflux, foul breath and swollen, painful gums.
• Nausea, vomiting and feelings of oppression in the chest:
use Huang Lian with Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis) and
Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae). Exemplar Formula: Ban Xia
Xie Xin Tang (Pinellia Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium).
• Nausea and vomiting from heat in the Stomach: use this
herb with Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae) and Zhu Ru
(Caulis Bambusae in Taenia).
• Gastric pain and ulcers due to Liver fire attacking the
Stomach: combine it with Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae),
Xiang Fu (Rhizoma Cyperi) and Yan Hu Suo (Rhizoma
Corydalis).
• Acid regurgitation: add Hai Piao Xiao (Endoconcha
Sepiae) and Zhe Bei Mu (Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii).
• Bleeding peptic ulcer: use Huang Lian with Bai Ji
(Rhizoma Bletillae) and Wu Bei Zi (Galla Chinensis).
• Feeling of fullness and oppression beneath the Heart
with pain during palpation: use it with Ban Xia
(Rhizoma Pinelliae) and Gua Lou Shi (Fructus
Trichosanthis). Exemplar Formula: Xiao Xian Xiong
Pinyin Name: Huang Lian
Literal Name: “yellow connection,” “yellow link”
Alternate Chinese Names: Chuan Lian, Ya Lian, Wei
Lian, Ji Zhua Lian
Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Divine
Husbandman’s Classic of the Materia Medica) in
the second century
English Name: coptis, coptis root
Botanical Name: Coptis chinensis Franch. (Huang
Lian); Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao (San
Jiao Ye Huang Lian); Coptis teetoides C. Y. Cheng.
(Yun Lian); Coptis omeiensis (Chen) C. Y. Cheng
(E Mei Ye Lian)
Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizoma Coptidis
Properties: bitter, cold
Channels Entered: Heart, Liver, Stomach,
Large Intestine
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
Chapter 2 – Heat-Clearing Herbs
Copyright 2004 Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John Chen & Tina Chen. Art of Medicine Press. www.AOMpress.co
Tang (Minor Sinking Into the Chest Decoction).
• Ulcers on the tongue: add Xi Xin (Herba Asari) and Zhi
Zi (Fructus Gardeniae) to Huang Lian.
• Toothache from Stomach fire: use it with Sheng Di Huang
(Radix Rehmanniae), Sheng Ma (Rhizoma Cimicifugae)
and Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae). Exemplar
Formula: Qing Wei San (Clear the Stomach Powder).
• Excessive hunger and thirst from Stomach fire: combine
it with Tian Hua Fen (Radix Trichosanthis) and Sheng Di
Huang (Radix Rehmanniae).
• Xiao ke (wasting and thirsting) syndrome: use it with
Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Tian Hua Fen (Radix
Trichosanthis) and Zhi Mu (Radix Anemarrhenae).
2. Sedates Fire
Liver fire: Clinical manifestations of Liver fire include
dizziness, headache, redness of the face and eyes, a bitter
taste in the mouth, dry throat, short temper, irritability,
insomnia or nightmares, burning hypochondriac pain,
tinnitus, constipation, hematemesis or epistaxis, a red
tongue with yellow coating, and a wiry, slippery and
rapid pulse.
• Liver fire: use Huang Lian with Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus
Evodiae), Chai Hu (Radix Bupleuri) and Bai Shao (Radix
Paeoniae Alba).
• Red eyes due to Liver yang rising: use it with Shi Jue
Ming (Concha Haliotidis), Jue Ming Zi (Semen Cassiae),
Long Dan Cao (Radix Gentianae), Mu Zei (Herba
Equiseti Hiemalis) and Ye Ming Sha (Excrementum
Vespertilionis Murini).
• Photophobia, blurred vision, spots in front of the eyes,
night blindness and acute conjunctivitis caused by Liver
blood deficiency and Liver yang rising: use Huang Lian
alone in decoction. It can also be used as an external
wash for the eyes.
Heart fire: Insomnia, tongue ulcers, irritability, mania,
incoherent speech, hematemesis, epistaxis, burning sensations
in the chest, thirst, red face, dry stools, scanty yellow
urine, red tongue tip, scarlet red tongue body, and
rapid pulse are all symptoms and signs associated with
Heart fire.
• Insomnia and irritability caused by Heart fire: use Huang
Lian with Zhu Sha (Cinnabaris) and Sheng Di Huang
(Radix Rehmanniae).
• Insomnia and irritability associated with Heart fire and
deficiencies of yin and blood: combine it with E Jiao
(Colla Corii Asini) and Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Alba).
• Hematemesis and rectal bleeding due to heat in the
blood: use Huang Lian with Huang Qin (Radix
Scutellariae) and Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei).
• Aversion to heat and irritability due to excess heat and
fire: add Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae) and Huang Qin
(Radix Scutellariae). Exemplar Formula: Huang Lian Jie
Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity).
• Delirium: use Huang Lian with Shi Chang Pu (Rhizoma
Acori), Tian Zhu Huang (Concretio Silicea Bambusae),
Lian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae), and Sheng Di Huang
(Radix Rehmanniae).
3. Clears Fire Toxin
Dermatological disorders arising from toxic fire:
Huang Lian is commonly used to eliminate heat and toxins
present at the skin level, characterized by abscesses
and lesions. Apply the powder of this herb topically.
• Abscesses, lesions, carbuncles, furuncles, burns, swelling
and inflammation due to heat toxins: use this herb with
Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae), Da Huang (Radix et
Rhizoma Rhei) and Lian Qiao (Fructus Forsythiae) to clear
heat and eliminate toxins. Exemplar Formula:Huang Lian
Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity).
DOSAGE
2 to 10 grams in decoction. The maximum dosage of
Huang Lian is 15 grams. Huang Lian has different functions
depending on how it is processed:
• The unprocessed herb is stronger to clear heat, sedate fire
and dry dampness.
• Frying with grain-based liquor gives Huang Lian an ascending
function and diminishes its bitter and cold impact.
• Frying with Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens)
and Wu Zhu Yu (Fructus Evodiae) gives Huang Lian dispersing
and ventilating functions, weakens its bitter and
cold effects, and enhances its nausea-relieving function.
• Frying with pig bile enhances the effectiveness of Huang
Lian to sedate fire of the Liver and Gallbladder.
CAUTIONS / CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Huang Lian is bitter, cold and drying. It must be used
with caution in patients who have cold, yang deficiency,
yin deficiency, or deficiency of the Spleen and Stomach.
• Huang Lian is relatively safe, but may be associated with
the following side effects: allergic reaction, allergic rash,
dizziness, headache, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, palpitations,
shortness of breath, abdominal fullness, diarrhea,
and reduction of red blood cells.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Berberine, coptisine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine,
worenine, columbamine, magnoflorine.1,2
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology
Copyright 2004 Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John Chen & Tina Chen. Art of Medicine Press. www.AOMpress.com
HEAT-CLEARING HERBS
2
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Antibiotic: Huang Lian has a broad spectrum of antibiotic
effects against Bacillus dysenteriae, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae,
Bacillus proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Diplococcus
meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus,
Diplococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium
diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, and
leptospira. The inhibitory effect is strongest against E.
coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus
aureus. Use of Huang Lian or its components individually
is commonly associated with resistance. On the other
hand, the use of Huang Lian within an herbal formula
reportedly enhances its antibiotic effectiveness over tenfold
with little incidence of resistance. Berberine, one of
the components of Huang Lian, is most effective for gastrointestinal
infection, but not for systemic infection,
since it has poor absorption by the intestines and a short
half-life. In addition to its antibacterial effect,Huang Lian
also has antifungal and antiviral activities. According to
one report, a 15% decoction of Huang Lian is effective
against numerous pathogenic fungi and dermatophytes.
Lastly, Huang Lian has an inhibitory effect against
influenza and hepatitis viruses.3,4,5
• Anti-inflammatory: Oral administration of 50 mg/kg of
berberine in rats has demonstrated a marked antiinflammatory
effect.6
• Cardiovascular: Intravenous injection of berberine at
0.1 to 6.0 mg/kg lowered blood pressure in anesthetized
dogs, cats and rats. The mechanism of blood pressure
reduction is dilation of the blood vessels and inhibition
of secretion of the adrenal glands. Berberine also has
antiarrhythmic actions.7,8
• Antipyretic: Intravenous injection of Huang Lian has
demonstrated antipyretic effects in rabbits. Though the
exact mechanism of action is unclear, it is related to
cAMP in the central nervous system.9
• Cholagogic: Huang Lian and berberine act to increase
production and decrease density of bile acid.Additionally,
they reduce the plasma level of cholesterols.10
• Antiulcer: Huang Lian inhibits the secretion of gastric
acid and is commonly used in conjunction with other
herbs to treat peptic ulcers.11
• Others: Huang Lian has local anesthetic and antidiarrheal
effects.12
CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH
• Bacterial dysentery: The use of Huang Lian, individually
or in an herbal formula, was associated with excellent clinical
results in treating over 1,000 patients with bacterial
dysentery. The treatments showed marked effectiveness, a
short treatment course, and low incidence of side effects.13
• Acute gastroenteritis or enteritis: An herbal formula
(80% Huang Lian and 20% Bai Dou Kou (Fructus Amomi
Rotundus)) was used to treat 100 patients with gastroenteritis
at the dosage of 2 to 3 grams given four to six times
daily. All patients reported marked improvement.14
• Pulmonary tuberculosis: In one study, 100 patients
with pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with 0.3
grams of berberine three times daily for 3 months with
good results.15
• Suppurative otitis media: An herbal solution (10%
Huang Lian and 3% boric acid) was decocted twice and
filtered. After cleaning the ears, the herbal solution was
instilled in the affected ear three to four times daily. The
effective rate was 50.8%.16
• Arrhythmia: One report describes 50 patients with
hard-to-treat arrhythmia who were given 0.3 to 0.5
grams of berberine three to four times daily, with
marked effectiveness in 40% of the patients.17
• Hypertension: Accordingly to one study, 88 hypertensive
patients were treated with 0.6 to 1.8 grams of berberine
three times daily with an effective rate of 70 to 93.3%.18
• Osteomyelitis: In one study, 87 patients with
osteomyelitis were treated with Huang Lian decoction
three times daily with a 100% success rate,with an average
recovery period of 22.32 days. The decoction was prepared
by cooking 65 grams of Huang Lian powder in 2,000 ml of
boiling water for 15 minutes. The herb powder was not filtered
out and no preservatives were added.19
HERB-DRUG INTERACTION
• Cyclophosphamide: It was reported in an in vitro study
that the use of berberine in rats was effective in preventing
cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. According to the
report, administration of berberine has a dose-dependent
effect to block cyclophosphamide-induced bladder
edema and hemorrhage, as well as nitric oxide metabolites
increase in rat urine and plasma. The study suggested
that berberine could be a potentially effective drug in
the treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, and
provides bright hope for the prevention and treatment of
cyclophosphamide urotoxicity.20
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
Chapter 2 – Section 2 Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Drying Herbs
Copyright 2004 Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John Chen & Tina Chen. Art of Medicine Press. www.AOMpress.co
Berberine
TOXICOLOGY
The LD50 for berberine in mice is 24.3 mg/kg via
intraperitoneal injection, with respiratory depression as
the main cause of death. In human, rare instances of
fatality due to anaphylactic reaction have been reported
after intravenous injection of berberine.21 [Note:
Anaphylactic shock is the most severe type of allergic
reaction. Unfortunately, it is very difficult, if not impossible,
to predict when patients will have such serious
reactions. Though there is one case of anaphylactic reaction
reported with injection of berberine, oral use of
Huang Lian does not necessarily have a higher risk of
allergy than other herbs.]
AUTHORS’ COMMENTS
Huang Lian and Suan Zao Ren (Semen Zizyphi Spinosae)
both treat insomnia. Huang Lian is used for excess fire in
the Heart disturbing the shen (spirit) and Suan Zao Ren
is used for Heart and Liver deficiencies with lack of
nourishment to the Heart and shen.
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis) and Hu Huang Lian
(Rhizoma Picrorhizae) have similar names and functions.
Huang Lian clears excess heat with dampness and
eliminates toxins to relieve sores and carbuncles. Hu
Huang Lian is used for steaming bones sensations, wu xin
re (five-center heat) and other deficiency heat symptoms.
Huang Lian, Chuan Mu Tong (Caulis Clematidis
Armandii), Mai Men Dong (Radix Ophiopogonis), and
Tian Zhu Huang (Concretio Silicea Bambusae) all clear
the Heart and eliminate irritability.
• Huang Lian is used for febrile disease with excess fire in
the Heart disturbing the shen (spirit), manifesting in irritability
and insomnia.
• Chuan Mu Tong is a diuretic that clears damp-heat to
relieve irritability with oral ulcers and yellow urine.
• Mai Men Dong is a tonic used for deficient Heart yin with
heat that manifests as irritability and insomnia.
• Tian Zhu Huang dissolves hot phlegm and is best for irritability
with spasms and convulsions.
Dr. Shen Yen-Nan reports that specific organs injured
by fire can be treated with optimum results by key herbs,
as follows:
• Lung fire: Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae) and
Sang Bai Pi (Cortex Mori)
• Heart fire: Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
• Stomach fire: Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum)
• Liver fire: Zhi Zi (Fructus Gardeniae)
• Kidney fire: Zhi Mu (Radix Anemarrhenae)
References
1. Xian Dai Zhong Yao Yao Li Xue (Contemporary Pharmacology of
Chinese Herbs), 1997; 299
3. The Merck Index 12th edition, Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE/Merck,
2000
3. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1988, 140:144
4. Zhong Hua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Medicine), 1958;
44(9):888
5. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi (Journal of Integrated Chinese and
Western Medicine), 1989; 9(8):494
6. Yao Xue Za Zhi (Journal of Medicinals), 1981, 101(10):883
7. IRCS Med. Sci, 1983; 11(7):570
8. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1988, 140:144
9. Zhong Guo Bing Li Sheng Li Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Pathology
and Biology), 1991; 7(3):264
10. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1988, 140:144
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Zhong Hua Nei Ke Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine),
1976; 4:219
14. Si Chuan Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao (Journal of Sichuan School of
Medicine), 1959; 1:102
15. Zhe Jiang Zhong Yi Za Zhi (Zhejiang Journal of Chinese Medicine),
1964; 10:51
16. Zhong Hua Er Ke Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Pediatrics), 1954;
4:272
17. Shi Yong Nei Ke Za Zhi (Practical Journal of Internal Medicine),
1985; 11:587
18. Zhong Hua Nei Ke Za Zhi (Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine),
1960:2:117
19. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi (Journal of Integrated Chinese and
Western Medicine), 1985; 10:604
20. Xu X, Malave A., Protective effect of berberine on cyclophosphamide-
induced haemorrhagic cystitis in rats., Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern
University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA.
21. Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1988, 143
Huang Lian (Rhizoma Coptidis)
Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology
144
HEAT-CLEARING HERBS
2
Copyright 2004. Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John K Chen and Tina T Chen.
Art of Medicine Press, Inc. www.AOMpress.com
Selasa, 16 April 2013
PAPAYA LEAF
Papaya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about Carica papaya, the widely cultivated papaya (or papaw or pawpaw), a tropical fruit tree. For the mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) of South America, see Mountain papaya. For the Eastern North American tree (and fruit) called "pawpaw", see Asimina triloba. For other uses, see Papaya (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Chaenomeles speciosa (flowering quince) or Pseudocydonia chinensis (Chinese quince), which like Carica papaya are sometimes called mugua.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The papaya is a large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. Unusually for such large plants, the trees are dioecious. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria, but are much smaller and wax-like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into large fruit - 15–45 cm (5.9–18 in) long and 10–30 cm (3.9–12 in) in diameter. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue.
Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome deciphered.[citation needed]
Contents |
Common names
Carica papaya plants and their fruits are known by different names around the English-speaking world:- North America and Belize: papayas
- United Kingdom: The fruit is usually called papaya but is also known as papaw or pawpaw [2]
- Africa: pawpaw or papaw [3][4]
Cultivation
Originally from southern Mexico (particularly Chiapas and Veracruz), Central America, and northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most tropical countries. In cultivation, it grows rapidly, fruiting within three years. It is, however, highly frost-sensitive, limiting its production to tropical lands.Pests and diseases
![[icon]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. (July 2011) |
Main article: List of papaya diseases
Papayas are susceptible to the papaya ringspot virus (PRV), which causes premature molting and malformation of the leaves.[5] In the 1990s, the virus threatened to wipe out Hawaii's papaya industry completely.The papaya is also susceptible to the fruit fly, a small, wasp-like insect that lays its eggs in young fruit.
Cultivars
|
This section requires expansion. (July 2011) |
|
|
The large-fruited, red-fleshed 'Maradol', 'Sunrise', and 'Caribbean Red' papayas often sold in US markets are commonly grown in Mexico and Belize.[7]
In 2011 Philippine researchers reported they by intergeneric hybridisation between carica papaya and Vasconcellea quercifolia they had developed conventionally bred, nongenetically engineered papaya that are proving resistant to PRV.[8]
Genetically modified cultivars
In response to the PRV outbreak in Hawaii, genetically altered papaya were generated and brought to market (including 'SunUp' and 'Rainbow') that have some papaya ringspot virus (PRV) DNA incorporated into the DNA of the plant are resistant to PRVs.[5][9] This was so successful that by 2010, 80% of Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified.[10][11]Uses
Papayas can be used as a food, a cooking aid and in traditional medicine. The stem and bark may be used in rope production.Meat tenderizing
Both green papaya fruit and the tree's latex are rich in papain, a protease used for tenderizing meat and other proteins. Its ability to break down tough meat fibers was used for thousands of years by indigenous Americans. It is now included as a component in powdered meat tenderizers.Nutrients, phytochemicals and culinary practices
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 179 kJ (43 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 10.82 g |
| - Sugars | 7.82 g |
| - Dietary fiber | 1.7 g |
| Fat | 0.26 g |
| Protein | 0.47 g |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 47 μg (6%) |
| - beta-carotene | 274 μg (3%) |
| - lutein and zeaxanthin | 89 μg |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.023 mg (2%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.027 mg (2%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.357 mg (2%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.191 mg (4%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.038 mg (3%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 37 μg (9%) |
| Vitamin C | 60.9 mg (73%) |
| Vitamin E | 0.3 mg (2%) |
| Vitamin K | 2.6 μg (2%) |
| Calcium | 20 mg (2%) |
| Iron | 0.25 mg (2%) |
| Magnesium | 21 mg (6%) |
| Manganese | 0.04 mg (2%) |
| Phosphorus | 10 mg (1%) |
| Potassium | 182 mg (4%) |
| Sodium | 8 mg (1%) |
| Zinc | 0.08 mg (1%) |
| Lycopene | 1828 µg |
| Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
|
The unripe green fruit can be eaten cooked, usually in curries, salads, and stews. Green papaya is used in Southeast Asian cooking, both raw and cooked.[13] In Thai cuisine, papaya is used to make Thai salads such as som tam and Thai curries such as kaeng som when still not fully ripe. In Indonesian cuisine, the unripe green fruits and young leaves are boiled for use as part of lalab salad, while the flower buds are sautéed and stir-fried with chillies and green tomatoes as Minahasan papaya flower vegetable dish. Papayas have a relatively high amount of pectin, which can be used to make jellies. The smell of ripe, fresh papaya flesh can strike some people as unpleasant.
The black seeds of the papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste. They are sometimes ground and used as a substitute for black pepper.
In some parts of Asia, the young leaves of the papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.
In some parts of the world, papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria.[14] Antimalarial and antiplasmodial activity has been noted in some preparations of the plant,[14] but the mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these results has been scientifically proven.[14]
Herbal medicine
Papaya is marketed in tablet form to remedy digestive problems.[citation needed]Papain is also applied topically in countries where it grows for the treatment of cuts, rashes, stings and burns.[citation needed] Papain ointment is commonly made from fermented papaya flesh, and is applied as a gel-like paste. Harrison Ford was treated for a ruptured disc incurred during filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom by papain injections.[15]
Women in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other countries have long used green papaya as an herbal medicine for contraception and abortion.[citation needed] Enslaved women in the West Indies were noted for consuming papaya to prevent pregnancies and thus preventing their children from being born into slavery.[16]
Preliminary research
 |
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (October 2012) |
 |
Other preliminary research indicates alternate possible effects which remain to be further studied. Papaya juice has an in vitro antiproliferative effect on liver cancer cells, possibly due to lycopene.[19] or immune system stimulation.[20] Papaya seeds might contain antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella typhi.[21] Papaya seed extract may have effects in toxicity-induced kidney failure.[22]
Allergies and side effects
The latex concentration of unripe papayas are speculated to cause uterine contractions, which may lead to a miscarriage. Papaya seed extracts in large doses have a contraceptive effect on rats and monkeys, but in small doses have no effect on the unborn animals.
Excessive consumption of papaya can cause carotenemia, the yellowing of soles and palms, which is otherwise harmless. However, a very large dose would need to be consumed; papaya contains about 6% of the level of beta carotene found in carrots (the most common cause of carotenemia).[23]
Gallery
-
Female flowers of a papaya tree
-
Male flowers of a papaya tree
-
Leaf of a papaya tree
-
Papaya, Moche culture, Larco Museum Collection The Moche often depicted papayas in their ceramics.[24]
See also
- Asimina triloba, pawpaw (of North America)
- Chaenomeles speciosa, flowering quince, which, like Carica papaya, is known as mugua (木瓜) in Chinese
- Papaya salad
- Pseudocydonia, Chinese quince, known as mugua (木瓜) in Chinese
References
- ^ "Papaya". 1987.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Merriam-Webster Online: pawpaw
- ^ Delbridge, A., and J. R. L. Bernard. 1988 The Macquarie Concise Dictionary. The Macquarie Library: Sydney.
- ^ a b http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_03.html
- ^ "Papaya Vs Papaw". News (15 April 2005). Horticulture Australia. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Sagon, Candy (13 October 2004). "Maradol Papaya". Market Watch (13 Oct 2004) (The Washington Post). Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Euphytica, Volume 181, Number 2". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0388-z. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
- ^ Hawaiipapaya.com
- ^ Ronald, Pamela and McWilliams, James (14 May 2010) Genetically Engineered Distortions The New York Times, accessed 1 October 2012
- ^ http://www.harc-hspa.com/publications/TF5.pdf
- ^ Danielone, a phytoalexin from papaya fruit. Echeverri F., Torres F., Quinones W., Cardona G., Archbold R., Roldan J., Brito I., Luis J.G., and LahlouU E.-H., Phytochemistry, 1997, vol. 44, no2, pp. 255-256, INIST:2558881
- ^ Green Papaya Salad Recipe - ThaiTable.com
- ^ a b c Titanji, V.P.; Zofou, D.; Ngemenya, M.N. (2008). "The Antimalarial Potential of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Malaria in Cameroonian Folk Medicine". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5 (3): 302–321. PMC 2816552. PMID 20161952.
- ^ Entry on Harrison Ford's back treatment.
- ^ Morton, J.F. (1987). Papaya. In: Fruits of warm climates.. pp. 336–346.
- ^ Lohiya, N. K.; B. Manivannan, P. K. Mishra, N. Pathak, S. Sriram, S. S. Bhande, and S. Panneerdoss (March 2002). "Chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey" (– Scholar search). Asian Journal of Andrology 4 (1): 17–26. PMID 11907624. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-18.[dead link]
- ^ Oderinde, O; Noronha, C; Oremosu, A; Kusemiju, T; Okanlawon, OA (2002). "Abortifacient properties of Carica papaya (Linn) seeds in female Sprague-Dawley rats". Niger Postgrad Medical Journal 9 (2): 95–8. PMID 12163882.
- ^ Rahmat, Asmah et al.. "Antiproliferative activity of pure lycopene compared to both extracted lycopene and juices from watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and papaya (Carica papaya) on human breast and liver cancer cell lines". Retrieved 9 May 2009.
- ^ "Papaya extract thwarts growth of cancer cells in lab tests". Retrieved 3 March 2010.
- ^ "The in vitro assessment of antibacterial effect of papaya seed extract against bacterial pathogens isolated from urine, wound and stool.". Retrieved 14 October 2009.
- ^ "Nephroprotective activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn. in carbon tetrachloride induced renal injured Wistar rats: a dose- and time-dependent study". Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ^ "Search the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". Nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
- ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
Langganan:
Komentar (Atom)